Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disorder resulting from a combination of genetic and lifestyle factors. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of excessive body fat, adversely affecting an individual’s health. Obesity is not merely a cosmetic concern; it is a medical condition that increases the risk of other health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain malignancies. Typically, obesity arises from a combination of genetic, physiological, and environmental factors, such as dietary patterns, physical activity, and exercise. Accurate diagnosis of obesity and understanding its severity are crucial for managing and improving associated health issues.
The good news is that weight loss and body fat reduction can significantly improve many of the complications associated with obesity. Even small changes in body weight can have substantial effects on overall health. However, not all weight loss methods are suitable, and an essential consideration is maintaining the reduced weight, which plays a critical role in preserving overall health. In fact, not taking action to reduce weight can be less detrimental than fluctuations in weight resulting from treatment interventions and subsequent abandonment of those efforts.
What Is Body Mass Index (BMI)?
BMI is a screening tool that measures an individual’s height-to-weight ratio. Healthcare providers calculate BMI by dividing weight in kilograms (kg) by the square of height in meters (m²).
Health professionals typically use the Body Mass Index (BMI) to estimate body fat and diagnose obesity. BMI is calculated by dividing weight (in kilograms) by the square of height (in meters). Generally, individuals are classified as follows based on their BMI:
- Underweight: BMI less than 18.5
- Normal weight: BMI between 18.5 and 24.9
- Overweight: BMI between 25 and 29.9
- Obese: BMI 30 or higher
| BMI Range | Classification |
|---|---|
| Less than 18.5 | Underweight |
| 18.5 to <25 | Healthy weight |
| 25.0 to <30 | Overweight |
| 30.0 or higher | Obesity |
| 40 or higher | Morbidly obese (Class 3) |
What Is Morbid Obesity (Class III Obesity)?
Morbid obesity, also known as Class III obesity, refers to a severe form of obesity. It is associated with serious health risks. Class III obesity is diagnosed when a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher, a BMI of 35 or higher, and obesity-related health conditions. The BMI scale is not always accurate, so healthcare providers may use other assessments, such as measuring waist circumference, to evaluate obesity. Class III obesity can contribute to the development of several critical health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and heart disease. The good news is that class III obesity is manageable and treatable.
Why Was It Called “Morbid Obesity”?
The term “morbid obesity” was coined in 1963 by healthcare providers to justify insurance reimbursement for intestinal bypass surgery for weight loss in individuals with a BMI over 40. In a medical context, “morbidity” refers to illness or disease. Healthcare professionals also use the term “comorbidity,” indicating that an individual has multiple illnesses or diseases simultaneously. While the medical definition of “morbid” is appropriate for describing this type of obesity (as it is often associated with other chronic health conditions), the word “morbid” also has another meaning outside of medicine: disturbing or unpleasant. Unfortunately, this negative connotation led to societal stigma, suggesting that people with obesity lack the willpower to lose weight. To address this, healthcare providers, researchers, and organizations now use the term “class III obesity” instead of “morbid obesity.”
The Health Effects of Obesity
Obesity has wide-ranging effects on the body. Excess weight can impact bones and joints, leading to conditions like osteoarthritis. Additionally, obesity causes biochemical changes in the blood, increasing the risk of diabetes, elevated cholesterol levels (dyslipidemia), high blood pressure, and primarily, heart disease and strokes. It can also elevate the risk of certain cancers. Furthermore, severe obesity may contribute to mental health issues such as depression and anxiety.
IMPORTANT! The excellent news is that even modest weight loss (5% to 10%) has significantly reduced the risk of obesity-related diseases.
Metabolic Changes Associated with Obesity
Metabolism is the process that converts calories into energy needed for bodily functions. When your body receives more energy (calories) than it expends, the excess calories are stored as fat. These stored fats lead to larger fat cells, which release hormones and other substances, causing inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is detrimental to health and increases blood sugar, fat, and blood pressure.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Excess Fat in the Body:
- Respiratory Impact: Excess fat can directly affect the respiratory system, potentially leading to conditions like sleep apnea.
- Musculoskeletal Pressure: Obesity places additional pressure on the musculoskeletal system. Uncontrolled weight gain may exacerbate conditions such as asthma, breathing difficulties during sleep, joint stiffness (osteoarthritis), and knee and lower back pain. It can even contribute to gout.
- Positive Outlook: The good news is that a weight reduction of at least 10%, combined with regular exercise, can significantly alleviate skeletal and muscular pain associated with obesity and improve an individual’s overall quality of life.
Other Health Impacts:
- Fertility: Obesity affects fertility in women and complicates pregnancy.
- Mental Health: It is linked to depression and mood disorders.
- Cancer Risk: Obesity exacerbates the risk of certain malignancies.
Obesity: Causes and How It Develops
While genetic, behavioral, metabolic, and hormonal factors influence body weight, obesity occurs when an individual consumes more calories than they expend through daily activities and exercise. The body stores these excess calories as fat. Generally, obesity results from a combination of influential factors, including genetics, family history, lifestyle choices (such as an unhealthy diet and sedentary behavior), certain diseases, medications, social and economic factors, age, and other elements like pregnancy, smoking cessation, sleep deprivation, stress, and the microbiome.
It’s essential to recognize that obesity is not merely a cosmetic concern; it’s a medical condition associated with an increased risk of other health issues such as cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and certain cancers. Individuals with obesity should seek guidance from a nutritionist or healthcare provider. Let’s explore the various factors contributing to obesity and preventive measures:
- Genetics and Family Influence
- Unhealthy Lifestyle Choices
- Specific Diseases and Medications
- Social and Economic Factors
- Age-Related Obesity
- Post-Pregnancy Weight Gain
- Smoking Cessation
- Sleep Deprivation-Related Obesity
- Weight Regain After Weight Loss
- Work-Related Stress
How to Prevent Overweight and Obesity?
Healthy food choices like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables can help control weight. Many of these foods aid in weight management and prevent chronic conditions like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and other related health issues. Conversely, certain foods and beverages can lead to weight gain. Refined grains and sugary drinks, for instance, are associated with obesity and its related chronic diseases.
Here are some practical steps you can take to prevent overweight and maintain a healthy weight:
- Choose Nutrient-Rich Foods: Opt for whole, unprocessed foods rich in fiber. These have a low glycemic index and help stabilize blood sugar levels. Avoid highly processed snacks and sugary treats.
- Stay Hydrated: Water is the healthiest beverage. Limit your intake of sugary drinks, including diet sodas.
- Regular Physical Activity: Incorporate regular exercise into your routine, especially activities like walking. Minimize sedentary time spent on computers and mobile phones.
- Manage Stress: High-stress levels can impact weight-related hormones. Practice stress-reducing techniques such as meditation or deep breathing.
Remember that prevention is key. By adopting a healthy lifestyle, you can significantly reduce the risk of overweight and its associated health complications. Maintaining a balanced diet, staying physically active, and managing stress contribute to overall well-being and weight control. 🌱🏃♀️💤
Tips: more information about Obesity management & treatment methods.
Reference:
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overweight and Obesity. (https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/index.html) Accessed 6/13/2022.
2. National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research (NCCOR). A Guide to Methods for Assessing Childhood Obesity. (https://www.nccor.org/tools-assessingobesity-guide/).
3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Aim for a Healthy Weight. (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/index.htm).
4. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome. (https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/obesity-hypoventilation-syndrome).
5. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Understanding Adult Overweight and Obesity. (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/adult-overweight-obesity).
